Not all microbes are created equal. Each phylum, class, family, genus, species, strain and cell is imparted with a particular genetic...

Purple non-sulfur bacteria represent the vanguard of our growing library of powerful probiotics. How do they differ from each other?

DMSP accumulation can negatively impact coral health (e.g. RTN). Meet the bacteria that reduce this risk.

Diazotrophy is the ability to biologically fix atmospheric nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3). This magical process allows otherwise...

America Loves Shrimp. This remains a persistent truth as over 500,000 metric tons of shrimp are consumed in the United States each year....

Pigments are organic molecules of unbelievable power. Bacteria, archaea, algae, plants and other photoautotrophs create pigments to...

We all agree that it is critically important to “cycle” an aquarium before stocking sensitive animals such as fish, clams, etc. But we...

Purple non-sulfur bacteria (PNSB) are potent and multifaceted biofiltration agents. Due to their Swiss army knife metabolism, PNSB such...

Every aquarist possesses a baseline knowledge of nitrification. This is the oxidization of ammonia into nitrate by certain aerobic...

It’s totally understandable if you have a few questions about dosing the PNS (purple non-sulfur) bacteria-based products PNS ProBio, PNS...

In the aquarium hobby, there are Good Tanks and there are Bad Tanks. Good Tanks are stable, do not experience abrupt fluxes in water...

We're thrilled to welcome a new member to our team. Meet Taras, our new blog writer! Taras brings another voice, as well as a hell of a...

Phosphorus pollution is a common frustration of both freshwater and marine aquarists. Phosphorus is easily imported via organic sources...

PNS YelloSno is markedly different. Thus, we’ve gotten a lot of inquiries about it over the last couple of years.

Pondkeepers as well as freshwater and marine aquarists (especially in commercial operations) are increasingly relying on purple...

Tropical coral reef ecosystems are oligotrophic (i.e. nutrient-poor) environments with nitrogenous macronutrients such as ammonia in very...

In recent years, we’ve seen a heightened interest in probiotic products throughout the aquarium industry. This development closely...

Not so long ago, when Hydrospace first opened for business, we proudly declared that we “continuously strive to increase the quality,...

It's rather easy to become obsessed with the stunningly beautiful and diverse cichlids of the African Great Rift Lakes. Intelligent,...

Ultimately, all life on Earth depends upon the presence of certain forms of bacteria. The coral holobiont—composed of a group of...